Published 2024-10-11
Keywords
- Future,
- Time,
- Boredom,
- Aesthetics,
- Politics
- Eschatology,
- Postcolonialism ...More
How to Cite
Copyright (c) 2024 Tirna Chatterjee

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Abstract
This paper looks at Kalkimanthankatha, an adaptation of Samuel Beckett’s Waiting for Godot, as an aesthetic object where the absurdist postwar ‘tragicomic’ play becomes an avant-garde film where two protagonists search for the mysterious messianic figure of Kalki, whose arrival, in Hindu mythology, marks the end of one temporal cycle [yuga]. God as absence and the boredom of waiting and non-arrival turns from direct translations of dialogue from the play; discussions on esoteric philosophical dilemmas like the value of inaction; acceptance of the unknowable; and ceaseless search as affirmative to faith; to conspiratorial speak on impending war marked by passages read from Mao’s Little Red Book (published 1964) evoking the history of the Naxalite movement. This paper will look at how the a priori acknowledgment of the cyclical rather than linear structure of time ratifies the motif of uncertain and infinite repetition that marks the absurd quality of Beckett’s work and ask: does the cyclical promise of the future as regeneration condemn its prospects to an absolute boredom? Does linear eschatology maintain certain circuitous elements—the coming/return of the messiah (in/as the/a future)—that enclose waiting and boredom as a way of life? Are boredom and waiting fundamental threads interlacing eschatological thoughts? Through this film, the paper will ask what happens to ‘future/s’ when this seemingly unanticipated encounter of contrarian positions and bodies of knowledge take place as sacred/profane, modernity/tradition, aesthetics/politics, linearity/circularity and to see how boredom plays a pivotal factor in shaping such thought, discourse, and understanding.
References
- Agamben, G. (2000). Means without End: Notes on Politics, Vol. 20. University of Minnesota Press.
- Agamben, G. (2004). The Open: Man and Animal. Stanford University Press.
- App, U. (2011). The Birth of Orientalism. University of Pennsylvania Press.
- Avikunthak, A. (2015). Kalkimanthankatha. Cast & Crew.
- Barbalet, J. M. (1999). Boredom and Social Meaning. The British Journal of Sociology, 50(4), 631–646. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-4446.1999.00631.x
- Barth, K. (1960). Church Dogmatics III/II. Clark.
- Brereton, G. (1968). Principles of Tragedy: A Rational Examination of the Tragic Concept in Life and Literature. Taylor & Francis.
- Chakraborty, T. (2021). Translating Samuel Beckett into Hindi. In J. F. Fernández and P. Sardin (Eds.), Translating Samuel Beckett around the World (pp. 213–228). Springer.
- Chatterjee, P. (2017). Staging Beckett in Bengal: Revisiting History and Art. Samuel Beckett Today/Aujourd'hui, 29(2), 403–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18757405-02902015
- Chidester, D. (2003). Primitive Texts, Savage Contexts: Contextualizing the Study of Religion in Colonial Situations. Method & Theory in the Study of Religion, 15(3), 272–283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006803322393396
- Chidester, D. (2013). Colonialism and Religion. Critical Research on Religion, 1(1), 87–94. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050303213476103
- Chidester, D. (2019). Empire of Religion: Imperialism and Comparative Religion. University of Chicago Press.
- Eagleton, T. (2012). Nothing New. In D. Caselli (Ed.), Beckett and Nothing: Trying to Understand Beckett (pp. ix–xxvi). Manchester University Press.
- Eliade, M. (1959). Cosmos and History: The Myth of the Eternal Return. Harper Torchbooks.
- Ellul, J. (2012). Violence: Reflections from a Christian perspective. Wipf and Stock Publishers.
- Elpidorou, A., and Freeman, L. (2015). Affectivity in Heidegger I: Moods and Emotions in Being and Time. Philosophy Compass, 10(10), 661–671. https://doi.org/10.1111/phc3.12236
- Esslin, M. (1960). The Theatre of the Absurd. Tulane Drama Review, 4(4), 3–15. https://doi.org/10.2307/1124873
- Fiddes, P. S. (2000). The Promised End: Eschatology in Theology and Literature. Blackwell.
- Gontarski, S. E. (2010). A Sense of Unending: Samuel Beckett’s Eschatological Turn. Samuel Beckett Today/Aujourd'hui, 21(1), 135–149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18757405-021001010
- Heidegger, M. (1995). The Fundamental Concepts of Metaphysics: World, Finitude, Solitude. Indiana University Press.
- Hoffman, F. J. (1964). Samuel Beckett: The Language of Self. EP Dutton and Co.
- Jameson, F. (2008). The Ideologies of Theory. Verso.
- Kanevsky, L., and Keighley, T. (2003). To Produce or Not to Produce? Understanding Boredom and the Honor in Underachievement. Roeper Review, 26(1), 20–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02783190309554235
- Kermode, F. (2000). The Sense of an Ending: Studies in the Theory of Fiction with a New Epilogue. Oxford University Press.
- Klostermaier, K. K. (1989). Spirituality and Nature. In K. Sivaraman (Ed.), Hindu Spirituality: Vedas Through Vedanta (pp. 319–337). Herder & Herder.
- Kustermans, J., and Ringmar, E. (2011). Modernity, Boredom, and War: A Suggestive Essay. Review of International Studies, 37(4), 1775–1792. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0260210510001038
- Lacoste, J. Y. (2005). Presence and Parousia. In G. Ward (Ed.), The Blackwell Companion to Postmodern Theology (pp. 394–398). Blackwell Publishing.
- Levinas, E. (1969). Totality and Infinity: An Essay on Exteriority, Vol. 1. Duquesne University Press.
- Levy, E. P. (2001). The Beckettian Mimesis of Pain. Philological Quarterly, 80(3), 271–289.
- Levy, E. P. (2003). The Beckettian Absolute Universal. University of Toronto Quarterly, 72(2), 660–678. https://doi.org/10.3138/utq.72.2.660
- Manoussakis, J. P. (2016). The Promise of the New and the Tyranny of the Same. In Phenomenology and Eschatology (pp. 69–89). Routledge.
- Marion, J. L. (1991). God without Being. University of Chicago Press.
- Mercier, V. (1956). Waiting for Godot, Review. The Irish Times, p. 18.
- Ngai, S. (2000). Stuplimity: Shock and Boredom in Twentieth-Century Aesthetics. Postmodern Culture, 10(2). https://doi.org/10.1353/pmc.2000.0013
- Phillips, D. Z. (1986). Belief, Change and Forms of Life. In Belief, Change and Forms of Life (pp. 79–103). Palgrave Macmillan.
- Raposa, M. L. (1985). Boredom and the Religious Imagination. Journal of the American Academy of Religion, 53(1), 75–91. https://doi.org/10.1093/jaarel/LIII.1.75
- Shouery, I. (1972). Phenomenological Analysis of Waiting. The Southwestern Journal of Philosophy, 3(3), 93–101. https://doi.org/10.5840/swjphil19723342
- Taylor-Batty, M., and Taylor-Batty, J. (2013). Samuel Beckett’s Waiting for Godot. A&C Black.
- Valentine, J. (2009). Nihilism and the Eschaton in Samuel Beckett’s Waiting for Godot. Florida Philosophical Review, 9(2), 136–147.
- Webster, J. (1997). Necessary Comparisons: A Post‐colonial Approach to Religious Syncretism in the Roman Provinces. World Archaeology, 28(3), 324–338. https://doi.org/10.1080/00438243.1997.9980351